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In the absence of a unique identity layer on the Internet, many identity solutions have evolved over time—examples include standalone username and password pairs, Single Sign On, and Federated Identity Management. Privacy and security risks for identity owners and liability for identity issuers and verifiers, however, are still alarmingly present. Self-Sovereign Identity (SSI) solutions are new technologies that recognize the need to keep user identity privately stored in user-owned devices, securely verified by identity issuers, and only revealed to verifiers and relying parties as needed. Many commercial SSI solutions are already available to users, issuers, and verifiers. As other researchers have pointed out, usability remains a pressing unknown in the existing SSI solutions. We study five of the most commonly used SSI solutions: uPort, Connect.me, Trinsic, Jolocom, and ShoCard (now PingID) with respect to their usability. We identify some concrete usability problems and suggest ways to resolve them. Our work recognizes that identifying, prioritizing, and implementing the non-functional requirement of usability in SSI solutions is essential for their adoption.
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